Angular Momentum
Pull your arms in and you speed up. Nothing pushed you, so where did the energy come from?
Introduction
A spinning skater pulls their arms in and speeds up, though nobody pushed them and no motor engaged.
As the weights are pulled inward, the platform spins faster. Which quantity stays the same?
Pull the weights in
Angular momentum is . Pulling toward the axis exerts no torque, so cannot change. can, and has no choice:
The energy is not free
With fixed, , so shrinking raises the energy. Angular momentum is conserved because there is no external torque. Energy changes because there is external work: the weights are circling, and pulling them inward takes force through a distance.
A platform spins at rad/s with kg·m². Its weights are pulled in until kg·m². What is its kinetic energy afterwards?
What comes next
You made a platform spin nearly seven times faster with no torque at all, and found the energy that took. Next, the same conservation law applied to a planet, where it turns out to be the reason Kepler's second law is true.
Ideas this lesson took on
Each of these is a common intuition the lesson put to the test. If one still feels right, the section that tests it is worth another look.
- “Angular velocity is the conserved quantity”
- “Energy must be conserved too, since nothing was added”
Finished with this lesson?
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Research behind this lesson
- Rimoldini & Singh 2005: Students reliably expect the heavier or larger body to win a rolling race, and struggle to separate angular from linear quantities.